Dissection Alternatives Essay -- essays papers

Dissection AlternativesDissection in science classrooms is an experience that almost every pupil has to go through, but one that many will regret. It is estimated that six one thousand thousand vertebrate animals be dissected in high schools each year, and another 5.7 million atomic number 18 used in college laboratories. The issue of educational dissection has become a national concern. Many groups such as PETA and The Humane Society have been lobbying for old age to outlaw such practices, and implement new and safe dissection alternatives. Alternatives to dissection have become more popular in recent decades and may be the future of new-fangled science and education.A dissection alternative is defined as an educational aid or teaching approach that replaces harmful animal use or indirect request existing humane education. There are many types of alternatives available such as videos, CD-ROM activities, models, simulators, books, and interactive websites. The most commonly di ssected vertebrate animals are fetal pigs, cats, and frogs, and therefore there are many alternatives available for these three animals. However, there are also alternatives for other animals such as sharks, rabbits, mice, snakes, minks, turtles, crayfish, clams, earthworms, starfish, and squid. Such alternatives are usually produced by educational companies or biological suppliers for student and teacher use. Science Works, Scholastic, Neotek, and Ventura Education Systems are a few examples of companies that make dissection alternatives for classroom use.educational dissection first received national attention in 1987 when a young girl named Jennifer Graham took a stand against it. She filed a lawsuit against her California gamy School because they demanded that she participate i... ...ts and teachers with free up to date dissection alternatives for middle school, high school, and college levels. The only cost is return postage, and anyone is eligible to obtain the materials. An other great design is the Educational Memorial Program. This is when animals are donated to veterinary schools when they have been euthanized because of a terminal illness, or died of natural causes. Such universities as Tufts University School of Medicine and Western health Sciences University only use donated animal cadavers. For many years dissection has been considered a widely used and acceptable form of scientific learning. Now, in the twenty first century, students are rebelling against such inhumane procedures. Because of the benefits to teachers, students, and school administrators, it is likely that dissection alternatives will be the future of modern science.

Green Stone :: essays research papers

During the opening years of the seventeenth century, Europe was gripped by reclamation and Counter-Reformation, when Catholics and Protestants persecuted one another with equal fervour. England was ruled by a Protestant regime, and in 1605 a group of oppressed Catholic landowners hatched a piece to kill the king, James I, during the state opening of parliament on 5 November. The plan, conceived by the Midland Catholics Robert Catesby and Thomas Wyntour, was to blow up the Houses of Parliament with dozens of place of gunpowder. Known as the Gunpowder Plot, it was thwarted at the last moment when conspirator Guy Fawkes was discovered nervously waiting to light the fuse. When Fawkes was tortured into telling the names of the other plotters, the small band of conspirators fled to the Wyntour family home at Huddington Court in Worcestershire. Here they spent their last darkness, fleeing only a few miles the undermentioned day before being surrounded by the militia. But this was not the end of the affair. The kings chief minister, Robert Cecil, had given strict instructions that Robert Catesby should be taken alive. The argue being, that he possessed a sacred relic - a green, jade gemstone called the Meonia Stone. Tradition held that it had once been set in King Arthurs sword Excalibur. Historically, it had belonged to bloody shame Queen of Scots, the last legitimate Catholic heir to the English throne. pastime her death in 1587, a legend had developed that the Catholic who would finally reliable the English throne would need to possess the sacred stone. Fearing that the Meonia Stone would act as a rallying symbol for the English Catholics, Cecil was determined that it should be destroyed. He was furious, however, to discover that Robert Catesby had been shot dead and the knowledge of the stones whereabouts had died with him. Despite months of frantic searching and intense interrogation of the surviving conspirators, the stone was never found. Three centurie s later, in 1979, graham Phillips and fellow researcher Andrew Collins decided to go in search of the lost Meonia Stone. The Green Stone, co-authored by Martin Keatman, is the remarkable true story of this fascinating quest. Following a trail of historical clues, Graham and Andrew finally discovered the identity of the person to whom the stone was given. During their interrogation, the surviving Gunpowder Plotters had stated that Robert Catesby still had the stone with him the night before his death.

21st Century Living Essay -- essays research papers

The twenty-first Century is just around the corner and with it will come many changes in todays unexampled society. Changes occur daily, yet taken into view yearly these changes become extremely noticeable. The people of todays society are changing everyday, and therefore so is the world. This report will express personal beliefs on what will occur in the 21st century. Within it are examples such as, crime rates, personalities, religion, and living environments. The 21st Century will bring crime rates to a substantially steep rate. In todays society we have a high crime rate. Day by day more crimes are committed, and taken year by year the numbers rise hugely. This only shows that the police sections system is not working the way expected. This system has not been modified to any extent, and therefore the numbers will not change. By the meter the 21st Century comes along the numbers will have risen to a point where society will be terrified to leave their homes for dread of bei ng attacked.The on patrol system has not stopped criminals from committing another crime. Criminals who were once imprisoned come out different people searching for a new life. When these ex-criminals find that their previous record stops them from retrieving the dream they were told they could have, they return to the life of crime. The system takes into effect only the emotional changes of the criminal and has never reflected upon the existing ch...

Japanese tea room :: essays papers

Japanese tea roomJapan is a small country, however most people know this country. One of the mind is that the manufacturing industry is world-famous. Especially, cars and appliances which are small, functional and also economical. And these products show exactly Japanese spirit which can say Japanese culture. When we discuss about Japan, we cant forget considering tralatitious Japanese culture. I will discus about the tea ceremony (cha-no-yu), which one of the most important Japanese culture.The tea ceremony began to reach adulthood in the early Muromachi period when the shogun and select menders of his aesthetic circle met to admire choice Chinese tea wares and game at guessing the provenance of discordant types of tea. But its transformation into a true art form with spiritual dimensions is due to the influence of three men. The fist was Murata Juko, a student of Zen and curator of Chinese art for shogun Ashikaga Yoshimasa. He and Yoshimasa would meet at the latter s silver Pa vilion and drink tea in Chinese utensils in the Dojinsai room of the Togudo. Tea, and in particular the collectiing of utensils, was also popular among the wealthy merchants of Sakai City (Osaka). One of these merchants, Takeno Joo, took his interest in tea far beyond acquisition into the influence of Juko s thought, did much to develop the wabi lofty of refined rusticity that became one of the central elements of tea taste.Wabi tea reached its mature expression under the third of these great tea masters, Sen no Rikyu. There is a story of Rikyu, which well illustrates the ideas of cleanliness entertained by the tea-masters. Rikyu was watching his son Sho-an as he swept and watered the garden path. Not clean enough, said Rikyu, when Sho-an had correct his task, and bade him try again. After a weary hour the son turned to Rikyu Father, there is nothing more to be done. The steps pay back been washed for the third time, the stone lanterns and the channelises are well sprinkled wi th water, moss and lichens are shining with a fresh verdure not a twig, not a leaf have I left on the ground. Young fool, chided the tea master, that is not the way a garden path should be swept. Saying this, Rikyu stepped into the garden, shook a tree and scattered over the garden gold and crimson leaves, scraps of the brocade of autumn What Rikyu demanded was not cleanliness alone, but the beautiful and the natural also.

Concealed Guns on Campus :: texas law, shootings

On May, 2011, a bill that allows college students to have concealed guns on campus has been approved by the Texas allege Senate according to The Daily Texan news article. Even other states argon also trying to pass the law about concealed weapons on campus. Although whatever might argue that students need to defend themselves by carrying a gun, the law should be abolished because carrying a gun by immature students may increase fury and tragic accidents whether or not it is intentional.Surprisingly, according to some research based on interviews for students, a study of 119 four-year colleges found that 4% of college students reported having a musical composition at college, approximately 700,000 firearms based on the size of the current college population. (Fennell, 99) This report indicates that not a few students carry a gun without realizing that the weapon may kill numerous innocent heap.College students, even if they are eligible for drinking alcohol or driving a car, are not mature generous to control themselves or react appropriately in a situation. A tragic shooting on Virginia Technological University did happen, which is called Virginia Tech massacre among people. According to the unused York Times, more than 30 students including a shooter, Seunghui Choi from South Korea, were shot and killed in a classroom.Dr. Fennell, a professor of health education in the Department of Kinesiology and Health at Miami University in Oxford, Ohio, brinytains that students can not handle the stressful college life and might have a chance to express their stress by using their weapons because they are not mature no matter how old they are (100).Therefore, each state needs to reconsider passing the bill of carrying concealed weapons on campus in order not to result in unfortunate tragic stories.A great deal of drugs which might cause critical damage to ordinary people has currently been traded in the United States. Concerning illegal drug use, Richard Nixon, 37 th president of the United States, mentioned the phrase struggle on Drugs during speech. This slogan has been used as main drug policy in the U.S. However, the drug policy is not currently operating well in reality.What does War on Drugs exactly mean? The War on Drugs is a campaign of prohibition and foreign military aid and military intervention being undertaken by the United States government, with the assistance of participating countries, think to both define and reduce the illegal drug trade. (Bullington and Alan) In other words, to eliminate the illegal drug trade in the U.

Concealed Guns on Campus :: texas law, shootings

On May, 2011, a bill that allows college students to have concealed guns on campus has been approved by the Texas State Senate according to The Daily Texan news article. Even other states are also trying to pass the law about concealed weapons on campus. Although some might argue that students ingest to defend themselves by carrying a gun, the law should be abolished because carrying a gun by immature students may increase violence and tragic accidents whether or non it is intentional.Surprisingly, according to some research ground on interviews for students, a study of 119 four-year colleges found that 4% of college students reported having a firearm at college, approximately 700,000 firearms based on the size of the current college population. (Fennell, 99) This report indicates that not a few students carry a gun without realizing that the weapon may kill numerous unbiased people.College students, even if they are eligible for drinking alcohol or driving a car, are not mature enough to control themselves or defend appropriately in a situation. A tragic shooting on Virginia Technological University did happen, which is called Virginia Tech massacre among people. According to the New York Times, more than 30 students including a shooter, Seunghui Choi from South Korea, were shot and killed in a classroom.Dr. Fennell, a professor of health education in the Department of Kinesiology and Health at Miami University in Oxford, Ohio, maintains that students can not handle the stressful college life and might have a chance to express their stress by using their weapons because they are not mature no matter how old they are (100).Therefore, each state needs to reconsider passing the bill of carrying concealed weapons on campus in order not to issue in unfortunate tragic stories.A great deal of drugs which might cause critical damage to ordinary people has currently been traded in the linked States. Concerning illegal drug use, Richard Nixon, 37th president of t he United States, mentioned the phrase War on Drugs during speech. This slogan has been used as main drug policy in the U.S. However, the drug policy is not currently operating well in reality.What does War on Drugs exactly mean? The War on Drugs is a conjure of prohibition and foreign military aid and military intervention being undertaken by the United States government, with the assistance of participating countries, intended to both define and compress the illegal drug trade. (Bullington and Alan) In other words, to eliminate the illegal drug trade in the U.

Reasons for Re Launching Electric Car †Reva

Reasons for Re Launching Electric automobile Reva Introduction The Reva Electric Car Company (RECC) was founded in 1994 by Chetan Maini, as a joint venture between the Maini Group of Bangalore and Amerigon Electric Vehicle Technologies (AEVT Inc. ) of the USA. The companys sole aim was to develop and produce an affordable thick-skulled electric cable simple machine. Several other automakers were also aiming to do so, but in 2001 RECC launched theREVA Reva, started off with a bang The commencement exercise electric car in Indiaand the people behind the car were confident of the success of the car.Plans were set and the forecasting team estimated that 1500 cars would be sold by the end of the original year. Three years by and by its launch,Reva barely managed to sell a total of 300 cars. Reva was subsequently pulled off Indian markets. On May 26th 2010, Mahindra Group bought a 55. 2% volume stake in Reva and now has plans of relaunching the car in Indian markets. This arti cle explores reasons for the failure of Reva and what should be Mahindra Revas Strategy for achieving success in the Indian market. * Reva waspositionedas a Green,low operating cost car.The marketing strategy when Reva was first launched mainly concentrated on the car being green and the first of its type in the electric car segment. But this was not enough to bring into being ripples amongst the consumers. * With a smallsize, easy to drive (no clutch or gear)and checkspeed, Revawas targeted atsmall families, old couples and female drivers. While Reva had a beneficial cost proposition of only Rs. 0. 40 paise per km travelled, it was not a squalid car. Priced at slightly Rs. 3. 75 lakhs, people would have preferred to purchase a Maruti Zen or an Alto which are within the same impairment range.The major problem with Reva was that it was perceived to be a low cost car, but it was actually not. also it was not a car that the rich wanted to buy, as it looked below their league. In one word, Reva, was atotal misfit. * Aesthetically, Reva did not appeal to the youth. It wasnot fast, did not have ahigh range, had high criminal maintenance problems(100 % charging needed 8 hours) and was not meant for long drives. The small car space and the heading made it look like a ratheruncomfortable car. citizenry do advocate being green but they are not willing to sacrifice their comfort for it. * The arketing campaign for Reva also was not an aggressive one. The car made news for itself for being the first electric car in the Indian market but no marketing effort was made to create ripples in the customers. The buzz through promotions and advertisements was very low. There wasno excitementandcuriositycreated in the minds of the consumers before the product launch. A research done by me amongst 50 female drivers, 35 elderly people (50+ age) and 20 couples has helped me come up with the followingcustomer value hierarchyfor a Car 1. mall benefitTakes you from one place to another without aninconvenience. . Basic productEasy to drive,comfortable seats and leg room,high mileage. 3. Expected ProductSafety, does not run away down,easy to repair. 4. Augmented ProductSpeed,smooth on road,Stylish. 5. Potential ProductEnvironment friendly. As seen the pointsbolded in red fontare the ones that Reva clearly misses. non being able to satisfy the core, basic and anticipate product benefits has been a major miss in the marketing strategy of Reva. If Reva has to be successful it has to first cater to these customer benefits, satisfy them and then only will being environment friendly be a product differentiator.Reva had expected to sell around 1500 cars in its first year itself. After 3 years, Reva managed to sell only about350 odd cars. This is a definite failure in the first innings of Reva. However the event that it is the only one in the electric car market, a proper marketing strategy can help it become a success. Revas entropy Innings A Re-launch Strate gy It is not like Green cars are boring and cannot be successful. Take the example ofRoadster Teslaan electric car which is the coolest and one of the or so aspired cars in the automobile market. So surely there is no reason for Reva to fail if it is marketed in the right way.If the car is able to satisfy the core, basic and expected benefits of its target audience then we have a winner on our hands. In todays, Global warming era. Being green is in circumstance the in thing. But just Green Cannot Sell. Reva should market itself on its other facets as well. Consider the slogan below for marketing Reva Reva Easy to drive, Stylish, Comfortable Car By the way, we are also Green The easy to drive attribute is already present in Reva. Reva needs to do slight alterations in its design to make it look more stylish, ergonomically designed for seating and safety needs.As given in the figure above, Reva should look at targeting the growing female car owners. Also it should target the young a nd old couples, who find thecuteness factorin the car, exciting enough to purchase it. Reva should be promoted as aFun car to hang out with. Promotions The Reva advertisementsshould not hire any stars to advertise it. Instead it should look at taking the common locating going man, the misfire side by side(p) door, the college couple to brand it. This will ensure that its target audience connect to the advertisement and Reva to a greater extent.The greenness in Reva can be subtly highlighted in the advertisements. The promotion ideas for both print and television advertisements are 1. The office goerHow because of heavy traffic he used to reach late to office and get reprimanded by his boss. How now Reva has made him reach office in meter and get promotions. Catch line Traffic problems. No Problem. Reva is here 2. The girl next door How Reva has made her independent. play up the ease and comfort of driving the car in the advertisement. Catch line Get Independent. Do The Reva 3.Th e lovebirds A dowry by part ad series in which an old couple get nostalgic on how they started their love story in a Reva and their memories associated with the Reva car. Highlight the comfort of the Reva car. Catch line Reva getting you closer Social media promotions Low cost and high effect. 1. Social gaming applicationsin which users play a car racing game and get green credits for using the Reva Car. This will help spread the Reva brand virally. 2. Get expert reviews on the Reva car and cut them on theReva Blog. 3. Have a contest in which users can upload their Reva moment onYouTube.Also upload YouTube videos to show how Reva makes a greener world. 4. Have, The Spacious Reva Contest Customers move to fit in as many of their friends in a Reva car and upload a picture of it onFacebook. The one with maximum likes would win the contest. 5. beware to what your customers are sayingabout Reva, how are they feeling about Reva? Have you managed to create the right buzz? Social media would tell you instantly and help you to do any kind of damage control if necessary. Thesocial media is a good measureon how well your marketing strategy has worked.In conclusion , Reva has already in its First Innings, highlighted its attribute of being aGreen Car. The Second Innings strategy that has been mentioned will market Reva as an easy to drive, safe, stylish and comfortable car. Thus whole the core, basic and expected needs of its customers which will help the Reva car become a success story. While the Mahindra brand name and its distribution network and capabilities in the Indian market should definitely benefit Reva, in having a successful second innings. The strategy outlined above should help Reva preventing burns and scars the second time round.

Ethical Considerations Essay

The assume of the members of any occupation must be of very high gear standards in professional term. The Australian Computer Society (ACS) requires very high standards in its Code of Conduct for members so as to be able to pull together the credibility as comfortably as the prestige IT professionals deserve. The ACS Code of Conduct does not include many detailed rules as it only focuses on the nigh essential matters and as such it requires a some(prenominal) broader interpretation. It is mandatory for all members of ACS to comply with the Code of Conduct.The code bears relevance in law in terms of rule. Aw atomic number 18ness of the Codes fates by IT professionals is crucial as non-adherence by a member in their field may lead to claims of professional thoughtlessness by clients. The regulatory regime of the Internet Censorship Body of Australia gives powers to its subsidiary, the Australian communications and Media Authority to enforce restriction of Internet Content th at is hosted within the boorish as well as maintaining a black-list of foreign weavesites by using filtering software.Foreign sacksites which put on or are likely to be refused classification in Australia are target for mandatory filtering in Internet Censorship proposal by the Australian Labor Party-led government since 2008. The import of this proposal is that providers of earnings function would be forced to ensure that they block black-listed websites from reaching its customers. Two years later, the policy still awaits enactment as a result of the inexistence of legislation to this onus (Moses 2010). As expected, the proposal for the introduction of mandatory filtering has been met with considerable opposition.Some amount of tension has been generated in Australia. Its opponents have raised various concerns but a a couple of(prenominal) large number who are in strong support of the policy welcomed it. In Australia, Internet content is bound by national as well as stat e laws on the censorship of cyberspace content. The ACS has an internet filtering body coupled with a taskforce for E-security. The task force provides advice on technical issues and policies concerning internet content and the stuff that is unsuitable for the bring ining by the usual society.This provides the basis for the legislation on internet content in Australia. The decision by the Australian government by information minister Senator Stephen Conroy to filter the pages viewed by internet users is consistent with the requirements of the Australian Computer Society (ACS) Code of Conduct and Ethics. The ethical code, in section 4. 1, starts by clearly stating its efforts aimed at advancing the dignity, honor a swell as the effectiveness Information Technology as a profession.It states that in observance of its ethical stock and high competence standards, every member is supposed to be honest in addition to being forthright and impartial. Members are supposed to be loyal i n their service to the community (ACS Code of Ethics 1998). It further states that every member has to put all efforts aimed at increasing the professions competence as well its prestige. Every member is required to use the special skill and knowledge they possess towards advancing human welfare. The code of conduct is binding in its requirements.Section NR 4. 3 and section N4. 4 categorically states that the code binds all members with regard to their professional conduct. The implication of this requirement is that once the legislation for the filtering scheme is enacted, all members will have no option other than to oblige. It will automatically take effect because it is backed by both the federal and the state government. This is good news to many parents and school teachers who have always battled delinquent behavior in learners without success.Foreign and unacceptable behaviors on some web pages have been accessed and acquired by minors who are otherwise not supposed to view t hem and as a result the parents and teachers have been unable to control them (Computerworld Australia 2008). erudition is seriously compromised by the content of these offending websites and filtering them is the only effective solution to ensure that it does not reach the school children. The are some specific internet contents which the government has already outlawed and indeed does filtering. These are the contents that have to do with political parties, euthanasia, video games and racism.On the ethical side of regard on the governments decision to filter the content that the public should be allowed to view, this is actually a move in the right direction because left field uncontrolled, the public can view anything, just about everything. This automatically leads to moral rot. The advent of the internet has led to a sudden decline in moral philosophy in many societies globally and the Australian government is justified in suggesting an ambitious plan to ensure that internet content that is hosted within the country is restricted.It is upon the credit of the dangers posed by overseas websites, more than anything else, that the proposals read out by the information minister were made. It will be of no benefit for the Australian Communications and Media Authority to enforce a restriction on internet content that is hosted from within the country and leave content from outside unchecked as people can always view the pages that thrill them from the foreign websites (The Sydney Morning Herald 2009. It is not surprising that the proposal for mandatory filtering of all internet content whether topical anaesthetic or from overseas has been met with mixed reactions (ABC News 2007).The proponents of the filtering of internet content are genuinely concerned that the benefits that these internet pages have are by far outweighed by the harm they bring upon the community, not only in Australia, but in all other countries in the world. The minister was justified in bringing the filtering proposals in his genuine concern to rid the society of the moral rot that, courtesy of unrestricted internet access, has been spreading like the countrys infamous furnish fires.The opponents of the proposed legislation on mandatory filtering of both locally hosted and overseas internet pages are on their part justified to object to these requirements in such gaudy voices as they have. Their objection to this legislation is by a very big percentage motivated by their selfish interest to continue being in the market for all the wrong reasons. Any person or a group of people in business are motivated by the resole interest of making as much profit as they can and as such what they give to their viewers does not matter as much as the profit they stand to get out of it.It gets even worse because they are prepared to go out of their way to give their viewers anything that they view most, bad as it may be (The Digital Liberty Coalition 2008). The ACS code of cond uct and ethics in 4. 3 stipulates the values and ideals expected of the members. Members are expected to be professionally responsible and display integrity in their actions. They are supposed to deal with clients and the community, students and employees in a responsible way and with integrity.This requirement is good in terms of ethics and it can minimize the number of obscene and violent web content if adhered to by all internet providers. The general society needs to be protected from some pages whose influence is negative to the society. Section 4. 3. 4 further binds the members of ACS by ensuring social state in their name to the society. It states that all members should make it their duty to ensure that they uplift and improve their clients quality of life. This is a big calling but it must be adherered to in exhibition to preserve and improve the lives of all the people they work for.It is unethical for any IT specialist to upload a morally corrupting page on the interne t to be viewed by others who would otherwise do a lot better without it. The proposal by the information minister borrows mainly from the ACS code of conduct as it spells out clearly all the rules that IT professionals should follow so that they can preserve the prestige and dignity the profession is supposed to have. This is in section 4. 3. 5 on a lower floor Information Technology Profession in which every member is expected to promote the integrity of their profession.The members must do their work in respect of the profession and for one another. Section 4. 5. 1 of the ethics code makes it mandatory for all members to preserve continuity in the operate of information technology as well as to put information flow in their care. This clearly means that all members are bound by the requirement to strive to ensure that the consumers of their services get only what they are supposed to get. They must give only the useful information to the general public which constitutes their cl ient base.Material that has been refused classification by the regulatory authority should not be uploaded because of the dangers it portents (Electronic Frontiers Australia 2008). The IT profession is a beneficiary of such a move as proposed by the information minister as it would regain its name as a respectable profession and people would have more respect for IT professionals which has of late been declining due to the actions of some unscrupulous IT specialists who have made it their habit to posting pages whose content can not do any good to the society (ABC News 2007).The general society as a whole will be the overall winners from this legislation to the detriment of those who have made it their business by sending to the innocent viewers corruptible web content. The hands of the IT professionals who may harbor ill motives are tied by clause number 4. 6. 5 which clearly states that all members of ACS must bear the responsibility of their work. If any of them posts a page that is in the opinion of the ACS disciplinary board immoral or unsuitable for viewing by the general public, then their conduct shall be found to be unethical and the appropriate disciplinary action will be carried out on them.

Impressionism vs. Mexican Muralism

Impressionism vs.. Mexican Muralist As we all know, cultures and events shaped the world were being mirrored in the world of art. From Impressionism to Mexican Muralist, art has experienced lots of movements and it is easy to get confused regarding the similarities and difference between Impressionism and Mexican Muralist. In this essay, I will imbibe those things from two pictures Camille Pissarro Boulevard Montmartre (Afternoon, Sunshine) and Diego Rivers A Dream off Sunday Afternoon in Alameda parking lot.The two images above are excellent examples of contrastive styles of the Impressionism and Mexican Muralist. period the content is relatively similar, such as natural background, bright color, and even both of them visualized a scene happened in the afternoon, the feeling of the two paintings is signally diverse. The painting Boulevard Montmartre has a much softer edges and low-tone feel too it, compared to the stark contrast of A Dream of a Sunday Afternoon in Alameda Pa rk with its clear boundaries and striking use of color.Actually, besides the optical effect, Mexican muralist withal aimed at driveing social and political kernels to the public. Impressionism which can be noninsured as the commencement exercise obviously modern movement in the art occurred from 1860 to 1890 in France, and its effects have spread well beyond Europe and eventually the United States. Its sponsors who against faculty member des Beaux-Arts, which predominated the French art scene at that time, were accordingly rejected to exhibit their art works in Salon des Paris, such as works from Meant, Monet and so forth(Lana Barras Hill 119).Instead of portray likenesses that mirrored a subject in as much as detail as possible, Impressionism artists focus on natural light and intend to capture the fleeting movement in an instant time. In order to perform this effect vividly, they moved from the studio to outdoors. single of the representative works which can reflected this s tyle is Boulevard Montmartre, a series paintings drawn by Camille Pissarro in early 1897. Pissarro was looked upon as the father of the impressionism group, and he was the totally painter to exhibit at every one of the eight Impressionist exhibitions (Ian Barras Hill 135).Pissarro was inspired to paint outdoors. As a freer handling of brighter colors, he ever applied colors softly and his talent clearly lay in the reality of nature in landscapes with sees. After spending six years painting for rural setting, he returned to Paris and rented a room at the Grand Hotel De Russia in Paris in order to have a perfect pile and unusual angle of the intersection of the Montmartre Boulevard (Anne Gray 16).Boulevard Montmartre, afternoon, sunshine is an extraordinarily energetic painting of the fourteen painting series, which displays a fasting moving and self-propelling urban life in Paris during the working hours of the day. Since he is looking out the left of his bedroom window, his eye sight was falling and the vanishing point is higher. As a exult, the strong central shape of the receding boulevard, flanked by rows of trees, street-level shops and impressive apartments, dictates the open, powerful composition and high perspective.Rapid, thick brush strokes used on the sky and highway draw the eye down this thoroughfare, which has crowds and heavy traffic. Like the blurred photos, figures, commissaries and omnibuses in this painting hold no discernible details. Pissarro captures a bustling movement in an instant time and just rough sketches of them. Of course, a broad pointillism is also used in many places, such on a road surface. In addition, the scene is presented with a palette of great subtlety and colors are applied side-by-side with mixing creating a vibrant atmosphere grizzly, browns and whites accented with red and comminuted amounts of green.Certainly, softly edges between pedestrians and background produced by Pissarro makes the color much more natur al. Abbreviation pictured the subject matter imply that the Impressionism artist emphasizes on capturing the heart of the subject. Besides, Pissarro still focus on the changing natural light and weather effects, and the figures under the sunlight which contrasts the shadow, dark Cambridge and looting convey the rich atmosphere effect. Nevertheless, Mexican Muralist which prevails specifically during the asss and asss is extremely different from Impressionism.The three main and most important artists during this movement were Jose Clement Rocco, Diego Rivi sequence, and David Alfalfa Queries, and the muralists in Mexico were interested in Aztec and Amman cultures, depicted some Mexican people and their heroes live and work. During the early years of the twentieth century, those three representative muralists who were influenced by the European modernist art returned to Mexico and began to paint and teach. Dorothy Chaplin 26).In contrast to Impressionism, Mexican Muralist movement is not only an artistic movement but also a social and political movement. In fact, the mural styles by Mexican Muralist artists were regarded as a teaching method, aimed at convey social and political messages to the public regardless of race and social class. Among the three Mexican muralists, Diego Riviera who were good at with child(p) wall works in fresco is the most prominent and controversial artist in Mexico. Riviera developed his own native painting style that was also social realism. Under the influence formAztec, he was skilled in applying bold and vivid colors to paint Mexican peasant or large simplify figures. (Ivory Davies 38). Rivers mural A Dream of a Sunday Afternoon in Alameda Park which is a fifty foot fresco takes the viewer on a Sunday walk through Alameda Park. It was painted on a wall of the Hotel Paradox in 1947. Minion, an earthquake destroyed hotel, but the mural, perhaps the best cognise of Rivers works was relocated to a new museum across the street (Rene e Pamela 8). The painter presents people and events in Mexican history from cotes, the emperorMacmillan, the revolutionaries Million Capita and Francisco Madder, to his own day (R Hagen 101). Portrayed in the mural are numerous historical figures, more or less from left to right, but not in chronological order. Specifically, Diego Riviera in this mural depicted as a child holding the hand of a fashionably dressed skeleton figure, the omnipresence of death in the everyday life of Mexico. The figure standing maternally beside him is his wife, who is a self- portrait artist and feminist icon in Mexico and parade around them is impervious rich and unrequited poor.Unlike the repose for capturing the momentary quality of life in impressionism, Rivers painting intends to present a universal political dream in Mexico and covey some social and political message to the public. As in the Dream of a Sunday Afternoon in Alameda Park, this is no class martyrdom and colonial tragedy. The message of Dream of Sunday is complaint of the tension of the violent matter. Besides, he also combined historical and allegorical imagery. Actually, balloons on the background represent the strife for Mexican Liberty.As previous stated, there are more than a hundred satirical figures in this mural. Unlike pedestrians with rough sketches in the Boulevard Montmartre, Riviera cataloged social types from ruler to the bottom of the society, costumes, adornments artifacts, animals, and plant. This mural is a descriptive and documentary painting, which carried to utmost limits of crowded detail and illustrative functionalism (Gilbert Chase 11). In turning away from softly edges and rough sketches which impressionism artists of their day aspired, Riviera chose a realism to convey that subject matter through this fresco. Whats more,Riviera was mastery of sense of composition, space and striking use of color. Instead of dark clothes and commissaries in Boulevard Montmartre, people from different c lasses wear brightly colorful costumes. Furthermore, the bright yellow and purple applied in the tree or sky stands in sharp contrast to the grey and brown sky in Boulevard Montmartre. In conclusion, Rivers artistic masterpieces were a collection of many European styles. Although Mexico Muralist inspired by the painting technique of impressionism, artists during Mexican Muralist began to realize all this innovation ad little to do with real life.As a result, in order to convey political and social messages to the vast make sense of uneducated people, Riviera chose a traditional art form and style to present the new subject matter (Gilbert Chase 12). Got away from focusing solely on optical painting in Impressionism, Mexican Muralist artists who began to carry a clearly discernible social and political comment in their artworks creates a new era in the human art treasure. Works Cited Anne Gray. Incubi last impressions 1907-17 National Gallery of Australia. Seep. 2009. Print. Dorothy Chaplin.

Lamarsh Solution Chap7

LAMARSH SOLUTIONS CHAPTER-7 PART-1 7. 1 Look at example 7. 1 in the textbook,only the moderator materials are different Since the reactor is critical, k ? ? ? T f ? 1 ?T ? 2. 065 from table 6. 3 so f ? 0. 484 We will use t d ? t dM (1 ? f ) and t dM from table 7. 1 t dM,D2O ? 4. 3e ? 2 t dM,Be ? 3. 9e ? 3 t dM,C ? 0. 017 Then, t d,D2O =0. 022188sect d,Be =2. 0124e-3sect d,C ? 8. 772e ? 3sec 7. 5 one and only(a)? delayed? neutron group responsiveness equation ?lp 1 ? ?lp ? ? ? where ? ? 0. 0065 ? ? 0. 1sec? 1 1 ? ?lp ? ? ? For lp ? 0. 0sec For lp ? 0. 0001sec For lp ? 0. 001sec mark offIn this question exa minute of arce the work up 7. and see that to give a constant period value ,say 1 sec,you should give much more reactivity as p. neutron lifet ime increases. And it is strongl recommended that before exam,study figure 7. 1 . 7. 8 ? ? 2e ? 4 from figure 7. 2 so you can ignore jump in magnate(flux) in this positive reactivity insertion situation t P Pf ? Pi e T then t=ln f ? T ? 3. 456hr Pi 7. 10 In eq 7. 19 prompt neutrons(1-? )k ? ? a ? T delayed neutronsp? C ? in a critical reactor(from 7. 21) ?k ? ? dC ? 0 ? C ? ? a T ? p? C ? ? k ? ? a ? T dt p? ? s T ? (1-? )k ? ? a ? T ? ? k ? ? a ? T ? ? ? prompt delayedNow you can compare their values prompt (1-? ) ? delayed ? LAMARSH SOLUTIONS CHAPTER-7 PART-2 7. 12 P0? t 1 P(t) ? e in here ? ? then, and ? ? T t P0 T P(t) ? e in here take T=-80sec ? 1? ? t ? P0 P0 ? 10 ? e 80 ? t ? 25. 24 min . 1 ? (? 5) ?9 7. 14 k ? ,0 ? pf 0 ,critical state k ? ,1 ? pf1 ,original state k ? ,1 ? 1 k ? ,1 ? k ? ,1 ? k ? ,0 k ? ,1 ? pf1 ? pf 0 f ? 1? 0 pf1 f1 ?a1F ?a 0 F f1 ? F f0 ? and we know ? a1F =0. 95 ? a 0 F and fin bothy, M F M ? a1 ? ? a ?a 0 ? ?a f0 1 0. 95? a 0 F ? ?a M 1? ? 1? ( ) f1 0. 95 ? a 0 F ? ?a M 7. 16 20 min? 60sec/ min ? 1731. 6sec. ln 2 )From fig 7. 2 rectivity is small so small reactivity assumption can be used as, 1 1 T= ? ?i t i ? ? 0. 0848(from table 7. 3)=4. 89e-5=4. 89e-3% ?i 1731. 6 4. 89e-5 also in dollars= ? 7. 52e ? 3$ ? 0. 752cents 0. 0065(U235) t T a)2P0 ? P0e ? T ? 7. 17 8hr ? 60 min? 60sec 8hr ? 60 min? 60sec ?T? ? 6253. 8sec(very large) T ln100 b)We will make out small reactivity insertion approximation using the insight given by figure 7. 2 for U-235 so, 1 1 T= ? ?i t i ? ? 0. 0324(from table 7. 3)=5. 18e-6 ?i 6253. 8 a)100MW ? 1MWe 7. 18 a)From fig 7. 1 when ? ? 0 ? 1 ? 0 so T= 1 ?T ?1 b)Use prompt jump approximation, t tP0? T P0 T 10watts (300? 100)sec P(t)= e? e? e 100sec ? 82watts ? 0. 099 1? 1? ? 1 c)Use T=-80sec. 300)sec t t P0? T P0 T 82watts ? (t ? 80sec P(t)= e? e? e ? 8 1? 1 ? (? ) ? 1 LAMARSH SOLUTIONS CHAPTER-7 PART-3 7. 20 Insert 7. 56 into 7. 57 and plot reactivity vs rod radius Using eq. 7. 57 and 7. 56 we plotted and found the radius value for 10% reactivity=3. 9 cm reactivity vs rod radius(a) 0. 14 0. 12 X 3. 9 Y 0. 1004 reactivity 0. 1 0. 08 0. 06 0. 04 0. 02 0 0 0. 5 1 1. 5 2 2. 5 rod radius 3 3. 5 4 4. 5 5 7. 23 a)For a slab this e quation is solved you know as, x xq ?T (x) ? A1 sinh( ) ? A 2 cosh( ) ?T then to find the constants you must introduce L L ? a 2 boundary conditions 1 d? T 1 d? T 1 B. C. 1 ? 0 x=0 and B. C. 2 ? ? x=(m/2)-a ?T dx ?T dx d Introducing B. C. 1 you find A1 ? 0 and B. C. 2 x ? ? cosh( ) ? ? q L A2=- T ? 1 ? ? d ?a ? sinh((m ? 2a) / 2L) ? cosh((m ? 2a) / 2L) ? ?L ? So finally, x ? ? cosh( ) ? ? qT L ?T (x) ? ?1 ? ? d ?a ? sinh((m ? 2a) / 2L) ? cosh((m ? 2a) / 2L) ? ?L ? b) Neutron current density at the blade surface, d? L J (m/2)-a ? ? D T ? d dx (m/2)-a ? coth((m ? 2a) / 2L) L permit s follow the instructions in the question Multiply the n. current density by the area of the blades in the electric cell What is the area of the blades in the cell From fig 7. 9,assume unit depth into the page so the cross sectional area of one of four blades, A=(l-a) ? 1 Divide by the essential number of neutrons thermalizing per second in the cell What is the volume of the cell From fig 7. 9,assume un it depth into the page so V=(m-2a) ? (m ? 2a) ? 1 So as in page 358 4(l ? a) 1 fR ? 2 (m ? 2a) d ? coth((m ? 2a) / 2L) L 7. 25 You should find the B-10 average atom density in the reactor lend mass of B-10=50rods ? 500g=25 ? 103g 25e3 N? ? 0. 6022e24 ? 1. 39e27atoms 10. 8 Atom density averaged over whole reactor volume, 1. 39e27 NB ? ? 2. e21 atoms/cm3 ? ? aB ? 2. 9e21? 0. 27b ? 7. 8e ? 4cm ? 1 4 ?(48. 5)3 3 7. 8e ? 4 ? use eq. 7. 62 then find,? w ? ? 0. 0938 ? 9. 4% 0. 00833 ? 0. 000019 7. 27 H ? 100cm and ? ? 0. emailprotected x ? H a) For x ? 3H / 4 ? 75cm 1 ?x ? ? Sin(2? x / H ) ? ? (3H / 4) ? ?0. 4545$ ? H 2? ? so the positive reactivity insertion is -0. 4545$-(-0. 5$)=0. 04545$ ( x) ? ( H ) ? b) The rate of reactivity per cm can be found by differentiating the reactivity equation over the distance. ?1 1 ? d ( x) d ? 1 ?x ? ? ( H ) ? ? Sin(2? x / H ) ? ? ? ( H ) ? ? Cos(2? x / H ) ? dx dx ? ?H H ? ? H 2? ? d ( x) ? 0. 005$ / cm ? 0. cent / cm dx x ? 3H / 4 7. 31 Ther e is a decrease in T so lets examine the effects of sign of temperature coefficients, If ? T ? (? ) decrease in T ? decrease in k ? reduces P ? gives further dec. in k ? shut down(unstable) If ? T ? (? ) decrease in T ? increase in k ? increase in P ? inc. in T and finally reactor returns to its original state (stable) 7. 33 ? N FVF I ? p ? exp ? ? ? ? ? M ? sM VM ? I Resonance Integral ? sM Scattering Cross-Section of Moderator ? M Constant 2a ? 1. 5 ? a ? 0. 75 (rod radius) dI I (300 K ) ? 1 ? ? I (T ) ? I (300 K )(1 ? ?1 ( T ? T0 )) dT 2T I (T ) ? ? ? sM ? M VM ln p N FVF T ? T0 ?I (T ) ? I (T0 ) ? ?k ln 0. 912 ? 0. 0921k where k ? ? sM ? M VM N FVF For slightly enriched uracil dioxide reactor take ? ? 10. 5 g / cm3 (See Chapter 6). ?1 ? A? ? C? / a? where A? ? 61? 10? 4 and C? ? 2. 68 ? 10? 2 (Table 7. 4) ? ?1 ? 0. 009503 T ? 665? C (? 938K ) ? I (T ) ? I (T0 )(1 ? 13. 31* ? 1 ) ? 1. 1264I (T0 ) ? I (T ) ? 0. 0921? 1. 1264 ? k ? 0. 1037k ?1 ? ?k ? emailprotected 665o C ? exp ? ? I (T ) ? ? exp ? ? 0. 1037 ? ? 0. 9014 ? k ? ?k ? 7. 34 70 F ? 210C 550 F ? 287 0C d ? ?T ? ? ? ? (287 ? 21) ? ?2 ? 10? 5 0C dT ? T where ? =0. 0065 ?1 ? ? 5. 32e ? 3 ? ?0. 532% ? ?0. 81$ 7. 37 First you should solve problem 7. 6 to find the fraction of expelled water, 575F ? 301 0 C 585F ? 307 C 0 Vvessel ? 6 0 C increase in T ?D 2 ? ? 6. 5m3 ? Vwater ? v 0 ? 3. 25m3 4 ?v ? ? v ? T ? ?v ? 3. 25m3 ? 3e ? 3 ? 6 0 C ? 5. 85e ? 2m3 v0 ?v ? 0. 018 v0 Then find f after expelling, k ? ,0 ? pf 0 ,critical state k ? ,1 ? pf1 ,original state k ? ,1 ? 1 k ? ,1 ? k ? ,1 ? k ? ,0 k ? ,1 ? pf1 ? pf 0 f ? 1? 0 pf1 f1 ? a1F ?a 0 F f0 ? and we know ? a1F =0. 95 ? a 0 F and finally, F M F M ? a1 ? ? a ?a 0 ? ?a f1 ? f0 1 0. 95? a 0 F ? ? a M 1? ? 1? ( ) f1 0. 95 ? a 0 F ? ? a M f0 ? ?a F ?a F ? ?a M f? in here f 0 ? 0. 682 so ?a F ? a F ? 1 ? ?)? a M ?a M 1 ? ? 1 ?a F f0 so f? 1 1 1 ? 0. 0982 ? ( ? 1) f0 ? 0. 956 f-f 0 ? 0. 287 f 0. 287 Finally, ? T (f ) ? ? 0 ? 0. 0478per 0 C ?T 6C Th en = LAMARSH SOLUTIONS CHAPTER-7 PART-4 7. 39 The reactivity equivalent of equilibrium xenon is to be ? ? I ? ? X ? T where ? X ? 0. 770 ? 1013 / cm2 ? sec and ? X ? 0. 00237 and ? I ? 0. 0639 ? p? ?X ? ?T ? ? 2. 42 and p ? ? ? 1 0 -0. 005 reactivity -0. 01 -0. 015 -0. 02 X 4. 8 Y -0. 02695 -0. 025 -0. 03 0 0. 5 1 1. 5 Note the convergence .. 2 2. 5 3 thermal flux x 1e14 3. 5 4 4. 5 5 7. 42 For Xenon using eq. 7. 94 X? ? (? I ? ? X )? f ? T ?X ? ? aX ? T here ? I ? 6. 39e ? 2 and ? X ? 2. 37e ? 3 (from table 7. 5) ? X ? 2. 09e ? 5 (from table 7. 6) You should make a correction to the thermal absorption cross section as follows, ? 20 0. 5 ) 2 200 ? aX (200? C ) ? 0. 886 ? 1. 236 ? 2. 65e6 ? 1e ? 24 ? 0. 316 ? a,X ? ? g aXe (200 0C ) ? ? a,X (20 0C ) ? ( ? aX (200? C ) ? 9. 17e ? 19cm 2 ? 9. 17e5b finally, X? ? 0. 06627 ? ? f ? 1e13 2. 09e ? 5 ? 9. 17e5b ? 1e13 For Samarium using eq. 7. 94 S? ? ? P ?f ? aX where ? P ? 0. 01071 ? 20 0. 5 ) 2 200 ? aX (200? C ) ? 0. 886 ? 2. 093 ? 41e 3 ? 1e ? 24 ? 0. 316 ? a,S ? S ? g a (200 0C ) ? ? a,S (20 0C ) ? ( ? aX (200? C ) ? 2. 9e4b finally, S? ? 0. 01071 ?f 2. 39e4b NoteWhen finding fission cross sections you should find the atom density of uranium 235 for this infinite thermal reactor. To do this ,refer to example 6. 5 on page 294 taking buckling zero and find a relation betwixt moderator number density and fuel density. 7. 43 Using eq. 7. 98 0. 06627 1e13 ? 2. 42 1e13 ? 0. 773e13 where p=? =1 0. 01071 2. 42 ? Xe ? ? ? Sm 7. 44 First of all, we must write the rate equations for each element dN Sm ? Sm N Sm ? ? a Sm N Sm? T ? ? Sm ? f ? T dt dN Eu ? ? Sm N Sm ? ? Eu N Eu ? ? a Eu N Eu? T dt dN Gd ? ? Eu N Eu ? ? a Gd N Gd? T dt ) For equilibrium reactivity N (t ) ? N (t ? dt ) ? Xi Xi and ignore ? a Sm N Sm? T & ? a Eu N Eu? T Inserted into all rate equations N Sm ? Sm ? f ? T ? ? Sm dN X i (t ) ?0 dt ? Sm N Sm ? ? Eu N Eu ?a N Gd Gd ? Eu N Eu ? ?T Reactivity equation is found as below where ? a Gd / ? f p ? Sm p ? Sm ? 7 ? 10? 5 and ? ? 2. 42 and ? ? p ? 1 ? ? ? ? 2. 893 ? 10? 5 b) 157 Sm decays rapidly relative to 157 Eu and half-life of the 157 Sm is too small so, dN Sm ? 0 ? Sm N Sm ? ? Sm? f ? T ? ? Sm N Sm ? ? Sm? f ? T dt This equation is inserted into rate equation of 157 Eu and 157 Gd dN Eu ? ? Sm ? f ? T ? Eu N Eu dt dN Gd (t ) ? ? Eu N Eu ? ? a Gd N Gd? T dt Gd At stoppage ? N0Eu & N0 are equal to equilibrium concentration for 157 Eu and 157Gd . ? No fission & no absorption is observed. From rate equation of From rate equation of Eu ? N 157 157 Gd Eu ?N Eu ? ? Eu t 0 (t ) ? N e Gd (t ) ? N Gd 0 ? Sm ? f ? T Eu t ? e ? Eu ? Sm ? f ? T Eu ? (1 ? e t ) ? Eu From equilibrium of Gd ? N 157 Gd 0 ? Sm ? f ? ? a Gd ? Sm ? f ? Sm ? f ? T Eu ? N (t ) ? ? (1 ? e t ) ? a Gd ? Eu Gd Maximum reactivity is reached at time goes to infinity Gd ? N max (t ? ?) ? ? Sm? f ( ? a Gd / ? f p 1 ?a ? ?T ) ? Eu Gd Sm where ? a ? ? f (1 ? ?T ? a Gd ? ? ? (1 ? ) /? ? Eu Sm Gd where ?T ? a Gd ) ? Eu ? Eu ? 1. 162 ? 10? 5 s ? ? ? ? 4. 386 ? 10? 5 ? ?0. 675cents 7. 47 a) For constant power P ? ER ? ? fF (r , t )? T (r , t )dV V So as N decreases ,flux should increase to keep power constant, dN F (t ) ? ? N F (t )? aF ? T (t ) (1) dt P ? ER ? fF (t )? T (t ), ? fF (t ) ? N F (t )? aF N F (t )? T (t ) ? N F (0)? T (0) ? constant integrating (1) between 0,t we get, N F (t ) ? N F (0) ? ? N F (0)? aF ? T (0)t ? N F (t ) ? N F (0)1 ? ? aF ? T (0)t b) P ? ER ? fF (t )? T (t ) ?T (t ) ? P ER? fF 1 P 1 ? N F (t ) ER? fF N F (0)1 ? ? aF ? T (0)t

How Computers Changed the World Essay

How Computers have changed our earth. There isnt very many people around who earth-closet say that their lives have not been changed by computers. Computers How Have Computers Changed Our World StudyMode.comHome informationThe computer has significantly changed our world through advances in science and medicine, personal line of credit and education. In fact the computer is a wonderful How Computers have Changed the World HomeEvery little bit of technology is controlled by a chip, a computer chip. A computer is the next level. Truly all I am saying is computers have changed the world How Did Computers Change the World? Ask.comQ&A Science EnvironmentComputers changed the world especially when the Internet came on the scene. No longer did the world seem so big as people could connect no matter where Computers have changed our lives completely short article www.butterats.org/computers-how-they-have-changed-our-lives/ Aug 21, 2013 Computers how they have changed our live s In the academic world, teaching and learning has shifted from the manual and exhausting How computer change the world Wiki AnswersCategories Technology Computers Here is a list why computers have changed the world . Software used on computers has also changed and they now provide many much facilities which can be How has computers changed society Wiki Answerswiki.answers.com Categories Technology Computers Computers have changed society in an infinite number of ways. What used to take In a sense, the world has plump a smaller place because of the computer. How Computers Changed the World BuzzleJun 22, 2011 Fire is known to be mans first invention. But, little did he know then, that this effort was way out to change his world so drastically. Since then How Apple computers changed the world forever Catholic Many share Luns opinion that Apple computers success was but the work of Apples chief executive officer, Steve Jobs, who has recently announced his Searches related to how did the computer changed the world

Dialectic Behavior Therapy Paper Essay

This paper will review the article Mechanisms of change in dialectical look therapy Theoretical and experiential observations. This paper will iterate the theoretical and empirical observations that indicate why DBT is successful in treating clients with borderline personality disorder. This paper will discuss the specific aspects of how dialectical bearing therapy is used. dialectic behavior therapy is the recommended treatment for clients diagnosed with borderline personality disorder based on several evidence based successful studies. These studies found that dialectical behavior therapy has rock-bottom client depression and harmful behavior by combining acceptance and change techniques.There therapist looks to transform a clients behavior by supplying the client with a hypothesis for their problem. Clients with dialectical behavior therapy in a sense asked poor coping techniques in response to not intentional how to regulate their emotions. It is a goal of dialectical beh avior therapy to reduce the clients emotional dysregulation by helping the client learn how to control their emotions and changing their behaviors (Lynch & Chapman, 2006). The philosophy behind dialectical behavior therapy is that you must look at the whole client system to figure out the clients naturalism because each part of the clients system is interrelated. Each aspect of a clients life squirt affect their emotions and behaviors.Dialectical behavior therapy is based on a biosocial theory that looks at the clients childhood environment that could have led them to be emotional susceptible as a child causing emotional dysregulation as an adult. A clients inner personality as a child of being emotionally sensitive was refuted by adults in their life through punishing the child in forms of abusive behaviors. Growing up these clients are in a feedback curl cause there emotional dysregulation to continue (Lynch & Chapman, 2006). It is important for the therapist to create an envi ronment where the clients feelings are validated. Therapists help clients be mindful of their flow emotions without trying to change it. Clients learn to be mindful of their beliefs, their logic and what emotions are real to them in that present moment. During treatment the therapist helps the client learn to exit what is truly contractd by the client and for the client to be conscious aware of what to do. The client learns that they have control over how they process the smirch.The client wherefore applies rational thoughts and emotional regulation to the situation to achieve a sense of harmony. The client then learns not to resort to previous feedback loops. The client is encouraged to experience and accept their emotion fully without any attempts to regulate it. Clients therefore learn to stop the pattern of trying to control their affect (Lynch & Chapman, 2006). Being mindful can stop feedback loops and change how a client responds to an emotional situation. Therapists help clients identify and challenge their belief systems that focuses on a rule where people must hold a certain way when faced with certain event. Clients are taught in dialectic behavioral therapy to focus their attention on what is happening instead of how the situation makes them feel. It is important for therapist to validate clients feelings and efforts towards change. Validation allows client to increase their self-confidence in their ability to self-regulate.This unconditional positive regard by the therapist helps clients learn how their history has affected their current behavior through emotional dysregulation and why dysfunctional behavior patterns are preventing them from having healthy relationships. The therapist then trains the client in healthy relationship skills and reinforces the clients use of the new skills (Lynch & Chapman, 2006). This paper reviewed the article Mechanisms of change in dialectical behavior therapy Theoretical and empirical observations. This pape r summarized the theoretical and empirical observations that indicate why DBT is successful in treating clients with borderline personality disorder. This paper discussed the specific aspects of how dialectical behavior therapy is used.ReferencesLynch, T., Chapman, A. et al (2006). Mechanisms of change in dialectical behavior therapy Theoretical and empirical observations. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 62(4), 459-480. http//library.gcu.edu2048/login?url=http//search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=aph&AN=19901233&loginpage=Login.asp&site=ehost-live&scope=site

Nai Talim

1 SLD07. 20. 08 16th Ordinary Emory Presbyterian Church Romans 85-6, 12-17 Jill Oglesby Evans Mahatma Gandhi My invigoration Is My Message Have you ever seen the bumper sticker or t-shirt slogan, Peace, like war, must be waged? Whatever else might be said ab expose this good mornings saint, Mahatma Gandhi, who could argue but that the man dedicated his entire life to waging peace, in his smell, in his home, in his country, and in the world.And if you think that waging peace is somehow more(prenominal) passive than waging war, you may want to know that, for all his abhorrence of violence as a means to an end, unless Gandhi insisted that the non-violent activist, like any soldier, has to be ad comely to die for the cause. Indeed, during Indias decades long struggle for independence, thousands of Indians were killed by the British. The difference was that the non-violent activist, while willing to die, was never willing to kill. 1 Sound like anybody else we know? In Gandhis vi ew, thither are three possible responses to oppression and injustice.One he viewed as the cowards vogue to accept the wrong or run from it. The second was to hurt and fight by force of arms, which, in his view, is better than accepting or running from the wrong. But the third way to stand and fight solely by non-violent means required the most courage and was best of all. Born Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi in 1869, to a well-placed family in presentday Gujarat, Western India, Mahatma Gandhi grew up with a devout mother and the Jainist traditions of the region, absorbing influences that would eventually play an 1 www. mkgandhi. rg/faq/q14. htm. S ource M ahatma Gandhiand His M yths, by M ark S hephard. 2 important spot in his giving life, including compassion to all sentient, or feeling, beings, vegetarianism, fasting for self-purification, and mutual tolerance between individuals of different creeds. 2 When he was only 13, Mohandas was married 14-year old Kasturbai in an posit ion child marriage, as was the custom in the region. The couples prototypical child, born when Gandhi was 15, only survived a few days, though Mohandas and Kasturbai were to have four more children, all sons.Despite his early marriage, Gandhi continued his education through middle and high school, and eventually to college to become a lawyer, a profession that frankly held more s happen upons to his family than to him. In 1888, he traveled to London to study law and there crossed paths with members of the Theosophical Society, an organization founded a decade or so earlier for the purpose of furthering universal brotherhood. Not having shown a particular interest in religion before, Gandhi began reading works of and about Hinduism, Christianity, Buddhism, Islam and other religions.Subsequently, Gandhi returned to India to practice law in India, but marked success there prompted him to accept a year-long contract with an Indian firm in southmost Africa. The first photo on your b ulletin covers shows Gandhi as an attorney in South Africa in 1895. In South Africa Gandhi achieved greater success in his profession, but he also found there the most flagrant discrimination against himself as an Indian. After refusing to move from first class to a third class when he held a valid first class ticket, he was personally thrown off the train.Traveling further by stagecoach, he was beaten by a driver for refusing to travel on the footboard to instal room for a European passenger. 2 For thisand the following biographicalinformation, see http//en. wikipedia. org/wiki/M ahatmas_Gandhi 3 Another time, a magistrate ordered him to remove his turban in court, which he refused to do. These incidents comprised a turning point in Gandhis life, awakening him to contemporary social injustice and prompting his passionate social activism.Prompted by a preeminence denying Indians the right to vote, Gandhi found himself becoming politically active, organizing the Indian community i nto a homogenous political force. Having experienced firsthand the racism, prejudice and injustice against Indians in South Africa, and witnessing the compromise that came through peaceful protest, Gandhi began to question his own peoples status indoors the British Empire, as well as his personal role in his society. In 1915, Gandhi returned to India desiring to be introduced to the issues, politics and people of his native country.One of his first major achievements came in 1918 when he intervened on behalf of the villages of Champaran. The people there, suppressed by the militias of British landlords, lived in extreme poverty. Yet the British still levied an additional oppressive evaluate which they continually increased despite the peoples desperate conditions. In response, Gandhi organized a detailed study and survey of the villages, accounting for the atrocities and terrible episodes of suffering amongst the people.Enlisting the help of villagers, he began leading a clean-up of the villages, including the building of schools and hospitals, and the training of village leadership. Until he was arrested for creating unrest. At which point, hundreds of thousands of people protested and demanded his release, which the court reluctantly granted. Finally, under Gandhis leadership, the landlords signed an agreement 4 granting the poor farmers of the region more compensation and control over their farming.It was during this storm that the village people began to address Gandhi as Bapu, which means Father, and Mahatma, an honorary title meaning Great Soul. The monikers spread, as did Gandhis reputation for strength in tube against injustice. Yet Gandhis strength throughout his and Indias struggle against the British came, not from armed weapons but from the tactics of non-cooperation, non-violence, and peaceful resistance. To Gandhi, all violence was offensive and could not be justified, no matter which side, the enemys or his own, perpetuated it.Regardless of how incendiary the acts of the British or their Raj, nevertheless Gandhi consistently decried any violent punitive actions on the part of the Indians. Being assertive and on the offensive? Yes, even aggressively so, through genteel disobedience and non-cooperation. Satyagraha was the term Gandhi used for non-violent action, which in his head word was a way of life based on love and compassion. 3 Asks one author, Mark Shepherd, who wrote a publication called Gandhi and His Myths, why did Gandhi employ this approach? Was he just trying to fill the jails? To overwhelm and embarrass his captors?Make them give in through force of numbers? Not at all, says Shepherd. He just wanted to make a statement. He wanted to say, I care so deeply about this matter that I am willing to take on the legal penalties, to sit in this prison cell, to sacrifice my freedom, in order to show you how deeply I care. Because when you see the depth of my fear, and how civil I am in going about this, youre b ound to falsify your mind about me, to abandon your rigid, unjust position, and let me help you see the righteousness of my cause. In other words, says the author, Gandhis 3 www. mkgandhi. org/faq/q17. htm method aimed to win not by overwhelming, but by converting his opponent, by bring about a change of heart. 4 Sound naive? asks Shepherd. Well, it is, he says. To my knowledge, no civil disobedience streamlet of Gandhis ever succeeded chiefly through a change of heart in his opponents. Rather, heres what happened Gandhi and his followers break a law politely. Public leaders have them arrested, tried and put in prison. Gandhi and his followers cheerfully accept it all. Members of the public are impressed by the protest and public sympathy is aroused for the protesters and their cause.Members of the public put pressure on the leaders to manage with Gandhi. As cycles of civil disobedience recur, public pressure grows stronger. Finally, public leaders give into pressure from thei r constituency and negotiate with Gandhi. There are variations on this theme in Gandhis campaigns but generally speaking, his most decisive influence on his opponents was more indirect than direct. 5 Lest you imagine that Gandhi held the law in disregard, hear his rules for civil disobedience Only people with a high regard for the law were qualified for civil disobedience.Only specific, unjust laws were to be broken. No direct or physical coercion was allowed. Hostile language was banned. Destroying property was forbidden. Civil disobedience in the form of the thoughtful, peaceful, and intentional breaking of unjust laws, and non-cooperation in the form of strikes, economic boycotts and tax refusals this was how Gandhi believed India could gain complete individual, spiritual and political independence from the British. No government can exist for a 4 Ibid. 5 Ibid. 6 single moment without the cooperation of the people, willing or forced, said Gandhi. And if people suddenly withdraw their cooperation in every detail, the government will come to a standstill. And so it did. To start the ball rolling, Gandhi reorganized the Indian National Congress, oversaw the writing of a new constitution, and set about improving the discipline and effectiveness of his people. He expand his non-violent platform to involve the swadeshi policy the boycott of foreign-made goods, especially British goods. Linked to this was his advocacy that homespun cloth (khadi) be worn by all Indians or else of British-made textiles.He exhorted Indian men and women, rich or poor, to spend time each day spinning this homespun cloth, as he did, himself, a strategy mean both to inculcate discipline and dedication in the masses, and to include women in the movement. In addition to boycotting British products, Gandhi urged the people to boycott British educational institutions, to secrete from government employment, and to forsake British titles and honors. Gandhis non-cooperation program enjo yed wide-spread appeal and success, increasing excitement and participation from all strata of Indian society.However, just as it was reaching its apex, Gandhi terminate it abruptly because of a violent clash in the state of Uttar Pradesh in 1922. Fearing that his movement was about to take a turn towards violence that would be the undo of all his work, Gandhi called off his campaign of mass civil disobedience. He was arrested on March 10, 1922 and sentenced to six years of imprisonment, of which he served deuce. 7 For the following decade Gandhi stayed out of active politics, focusing most of his attention on expanding initiatives against untouchability, alcoholism, ignorance and poverty.In 1928, however, when the British government appointed a new constitutional reform commission that did not include any Indians, Gandhi returned to public debate, leading Congress to call the British either to grant India dominion status or face a new campaign of non-cooperation with complete ind ependence as its goal. The British did not respond. On December 31, 1929, the Indian flag was raised in Lahore. Two months later Gandhi launched his famous 248 slub Salt March to the sea for Indians to make their own salt, instead of purchasing it from Britain.Thousands of Indians joined in the march. The British responded by imprisoning over 60,000 people. Due to political pressure, however, within a year, the British government decided to negotiate with Gandhi. In return for the suspension of the civil disobedience movement, they agreed to set all political prisoners free. alas no real transfer of power took place. When World War II broke out, Gandhi and his supporters made it clear through their most forceful movement yet, called let go of India, that they would not support the war effort unless India were granted immediate independence.Gandhi and the entire Congress Working Committee were arrested in Bombay in 1942 and held for two years. Because of his failing health, he was released before the end of the war. At the end of the war, the British vowed to transfer power to Indian hands. Gandhi called off the struggle and 100,000 political prisoners were released. 8 Over the next two years, many debates occurred related to the nature of the freedom of India and its partition into Muslim and Hindu-majority states.Gandhi was vehemently opposed to any plan that partitioned India into two separate countries, although he finally assented, and devoted himself to keeping the Indian warring parties at peace. Still, on January 30, 1948, Gandhi was shot and killed by a Hindu radical whose extremist organization held him responsible for weakening India by insisting upon a political payment to the newly formed nation of Pakistan. Although Mahatma Gandhi was not the originator of the principle of non-violence, he was the first to apply it in the political field on a huge scale.Important leaders strongly influenced by Gandhis approach to political activism include Afr o-American Martin Luther King,Jr. , Euro-American Albert Einstein and Mexican American Cesar Chavez, South Africans Nelson Mandela, Steven Biko and Desmond Tutu, the prime minister-elect of Burma/Myanmar, Aung San Suu Kyi, Pakistani Muslim peacemaker Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan, the Tibetan Dalai Lama, and British-born devotee and activist, Madeleine Slade, also known as Mirabehn. Gandhis developed principles of discipline, non-violence and passionate concern for the greater good echo loudly across many faiths.In 1955 Martin Luther King, Jr. remarked, Christ gave us the goals, and Mahatma Gandhi, the tactics. You know, theres an irony to trying to distill the story, article of faith and example of a soul as great as Gandhis (or any other saints, for that matter) into a single sermon on a single Sunday morning in one particular American protestant church. But if our aim is to 9 look for proof that the gospel can, indeed, be lived, then in my view, its nevertheless important to make a s tab at exploring the many diverse ways it is.The God that you and I idolize and seek to know is sovereign over all creation, over all humanity, over all that is good and life-giving, indeed, over all that is. Thats what the Apostle Paul believed when he preached to the seekers in Rome about the importance of setting their minds on the things of the Spirit. To set the mind on the flesh is death, he told them, but to set the mind on the Spirit is life and peace. And all who are led by the Spirit of God, said Paul, are children of God. (Ro 85-6,14) If we imagine that there is only one way to led by the Spirit of God, we limit God.If we imagine there is only one way Gods Spirit can lead us, we limit ourselves. So if each Sunday we cant quite fully capture or communicate the depth and breadth or ambiguities of the lives of our summer saints, yet perhaps our imaginations are stretched enough beyond the usual boundaries of our daily lives and faith, that we might even wonder ourselves in what boundary-breaking ways Gods Spirit might be trying to lead us. After all, what is faith worth if it is not translated into action? asks Gandhi. And thats a good question. To the glory of God. Amen.

Promotion of Healthy Lifestyle Essay

Nowadays our sustenance is getting more and more tense. People live below the press of different problems, such as social, ecological, economic and others. They constantly suffer from stress, noise and dust in big cities, diseases and instability. A psyche should be strong and full-blooded in order to overcome either difficulties. To achieve this aim people ought to take c ar of their physical and mental health. There atomic number 18 many(prenominal) ways to do it. The state of your body depends on how much time you spend doing sports. At least anybody must do morning exercises every day. The most healthy kinds of sports are swimming, running and cycling. Doing simple exercises every day evoke increase your health level and improve your immune system. Physical training strengthens your beingness and aloneows effective fighting with illnesses. So if you are active, breathe fresh air and dont extend too much time indoors you will not keep up problems with your health. He althy food is as well a very important factor.Overeating causes many dangerous diseases. The daily menu should include meat, take and vegetables, milk product, which are rich in vitamins, fat, proteins and etc. On the other hand modern diets are very popular especially among women. Diets may be harmful, if they are used in the wrong way. feed is a key element of our good health. Eating healthy, nutritious and vitamin-rich products can improve your health. Fruit and vegetables are natural resources of vitamins A, B, C and E and other useful substances. Bread, dairy products, nuts and low-fat meat give you a large amount of energy and nutritious elements. To be healthy, people should get rid of their fully grown habits. Its necessary to stop smoking and drinking much. all(prenominal)one should remember that cigarettes, alcohol and drugs destroy both body and brain. as well as according to statistics most of crimes are committed by people under the influence of drugs and alcohol . A person with bad habits risks to get a lot of illnesses.Smoking cigarettes shortens your life and can cause cancer. Drinking alcohol ruins your organism, destroys your nervous sytem and leads to liver malfunction. Taking drugs causes addiction and a large number of such illnesses as cancer, aid and tuberculosis. If you want to live a long and healthy life you should give up all your bad habits. In addition it is recommended to watch TV less, avoid anxiety and observe daily routine. Certainly its hard to follow all these recommendations, but every person have to choose between healthy life style and numerous illnesses. good and healthy sleep Sleep is one of the main factors that influences our health. Every person needs to sleep about 8 hours to stay active during weekdays. Bad sleep can decrease your mental and physical abilities, and become a reason for illnesses and stress. At the end Id like to conclude that without health our life is miserable. People should be more careful of their health and organisms.If you have great health you will easily achieve everything you want. Health is very important in life of every person. It depends on our lifestyle, products we eat and habits we have. Health is much more precious than money, gold or some other stuff. So what things allow us to preserve a high level of health? In the next 10 years, our organization will create more than 1000 free sports complexes in which all work will be carried out by volunteers. Our workers will create the mini brochure in which all reasons will be specified, why it is necessary to lead a healthy lifestyle.

Three Varieties of Knowledge- a Critque

Donald Davidson- Three Varieties of Knowledge Submitted By Nathan Copeland- 500349268 Submitted to Prof. Checkland PHL550 April 15, 2013 In Donald Davidsons Three Varieties of Knowledge, he sets pop out to more than or less prove that A community of minds is the grounding of familiarity it provides the measure of only things. (Davidson, 218). This is d nonp beil by first categorizing companionship into three distinct categories. There is companionship of unrivaleds own mind, chicaneledge of an opposites mind, and knowledge of the shared physical world around us. He argues that no ane could exist without the others.According to Davidson, knowledge of ones own mind differs from the other deuce types of knowledge in the sense that one knows the contents of their own mind without whatever study or evidence in most cases. On the other hand, the minds of others and the physical world whitethorn only be interpreted finished the senses, at least initially. He withal nones th at certain aspects of our physical world can be interpreted almost instantaneously, our example being distinguishing colours, while many aspects of somewhat others mind contents are done through physical observation of actions and words, which we then reconcile with our own knowledge to make inferences.This makes the latter two types of knowledge open to a degree of uncertainty that is rarely experienced in matters of your own mind. He excessively acknowledges the asymmetry that is apparent between coming around knowledge of our own minds and knowledge of other minds. They are both minds, yet we come to understand our own in a very unique way. He criticizes the solution that the actions and behavior or others is sufficient for inferring certain mental states to others, further those same actions and doingss carried out by our selves are irrelevant when we attempt to describe ourselves.An issue being- If both types of knowledge come about so differently, how can we believe th at others mental states are comparable to our own. He sets out to paint a ascertain that includes all three types of knowledge, and shows how they are related in hopes of solving these issues. Davidson claims that what we could not do is get along without a way of expressing, and thus communicating, our thoughts about the natural world (Davidson, pg. 208). He also proposes that in guild for a creature to have a belief, they must also posses the idea of objective truths.He then draws on Wittgenstien to say that the source of the concept of objective truth is interpersonal talk (Davidson, pg. 209). This is ground on the arrogance that thought cannot exist without language. Davidson argues that without the distinction between objective truth and what one thinks to be the case, there is no thought at all, and since there cannot be objective truth without the confirmation on the correct example of words through communicating, there cannot be thought without communicating, in his ex ample language.It is argued that in order for communication to work, the speaker and interpreter must share an sagacity of what is meant by what is being said. Davidson then uses an example of how one would go about learning a new language to illustrate how we come about having an understanding of the words we use. In this case, we assign words and sentences we know in our native tongue to the utterances and actions made by a foreign speaker. With trial and demerit we come to understand what is meant by these utterances and how they relate to reality.This figure out of binding ones own thoughts with the thoughts of another through some aspect of the external world is regarded by Davidson as triangulation. it takes two points of view to give a location to the cause of a thought, and thus define its content (Davidson, pg. 213). He believes this to be the only way that one can know anothers mind or the external world, making the two mutually dependent. He points out that there is t he limitation of perception at play here, with no way to look in from outside the standard to see if its write, merely we may consult a third and forth party and so on to lessen the chance of an error being made. Davidson, pg. 217) Davidson then goes on to say that knowledge of the propositional contents of our own minds is not possible without the other forms of knowledge, since there is no propositional thought without communication (Davidson, pg. 213). Furthermore, knowledge of others cannot be inferred unless we have knowledge of ourselves, as the edge of coming to know anothers mind is done by matching evidence from others behaviour to our knowledge of our own, thus showing that knowledge of our own minds and others is also mutually dependent.He acknowledges that there are a great deal of possible ways that we could assign our native language to the language and behavior of another to come about an understanding. He relates this to the measurement of weight in the sense that no matter what arranging you use for measurement kilograms, pounds ounces, etc. , the invariable factor, in this case the actual weight of the object, is the fact of the matter, not the arbitrary units of measure. His point is that there will likely always be indeterminacy in our translations, but we will often get the general idea.He also believes that there are no strict laws that connect mental states with physical ones, stating that such laws can exist only when concepts connected by the laws are based on criteria of the same sort (Davidson, pg. 215). This all leads to the fact that we will never be able to outfit on how sentences and thoughts should be structured to describe other sentences or thoughts, as the very process of discussing how we would do this is ultimately done with the very thoughts were discussing, leaving it perpetually open to interpretation.As such A community of minds is the basis of knowledge it is the measure of all things. It makes no sense to question the adequacy of this measure, or to seek a more ultimate standard. (Davidson, pg. 218). Analysis I agree with the general idea of what Davidson is saying, with a few exceptions. I would agree that advanced knowledge can only come about with the all three types of evidence, but I also believe that basic knowledge can be acquired by just a person and the observable world. Suppose I live in a world with no other living creatures.I have no formal language. If I liberty chit across a bed of not bad(p) rocks, my nervous system will say ouch, and it wont take long to figure out that slap-up rocks hurt my feet. I am aware of this with no need to confirm with another. I am also in contention with the idea that language is essential to thought (Davidson, pg. 209). My dog thinks its going for a walk every time I put my boots on. I suppose that may be considered language, or some may argue that my dogs actions have no thought, but it seems to me that to make such a claim demands more evide nce.I also had an issue with the claim that enough in the framework and fabric of our beliefs must be adjust to give content to the rest (Davidson, pg. 214). Although I agree that enough of our beliefs are true, I dont see this as a necessary condition. What if everything we think is wrong, or were a mind-set in a vat. The claim is overly definitive for my liking. Going back to my only creature idea, I contract the statement there is no propositional thought without communication (Davidson, pg. 213). Perhaps on this lonely planet I have a rock, which I am in love with.I may possess the thought, as underbred as it may be, that I love this rock. We dont communicate, but the thought remains. This may be argued as a feeling, not a thought, but Im not sure I know the difference. Finally, I have another idea that is in opposition to Davidsons claims, although Im not sure if I believe it myself. He seems to think there are three distinct categories of knowledge, with knowledge of ones self coming mostly from inside, and knowledge of the world and others minds coming indirectly.My idea is this all of the thoughts, behaviors, desires etc. , of any living creature is merely a manifestation of very complex processes happening in our brains. Our brains are chemicals and axons and neurons and much more that we are not 100% about. Im proposing that theoretically, if we can observe the brain all the way down to each and every atom, we could see how your brain looks for any given idea, memory, feeling, and inventory the physical state relating to each and every instance.The only difference between the three states is how we go about knowing them, and with this theory we could even come to know our own minds without having to think internally about how we feel, but by merely observing our brains. Tying this back to my alone in the world scenario, if I had the content to observe my own brains inner workings while feeling the mental manifestations of such neurological reac tions, I could correlate the pictures with feelings the ame way we correlate others words with objects in the world. If I became well enough versed at this, I could then look at the brain of someone else whom Ive never seen, and come to know their mind as well. This theory is in contradiction with Davidsons statement that there are no strict laws that connect mental states to physical ones, but even he acknowledges that this topic has understandably been set up inconclusive by critics (Davidson, pg. 216), myself included.

Ap Us History Ch. 1 Notes

A. P. U. S. History Notes Chapter 1 New World Beginnings Summary 225 one thousand million years ago, Earth was one supercontinent (Pangaea) and ocean. About 10 million years ago, the coupling the States that we know today was formed (geographical shape). The stolon discoverers of North America were roving Asians who wandered over here by way of an exposed land bridge from Russia to Alaska during the Ice Age. Though they were hunters at first, by 5000 BC, they had become hunter-gatherers with a diet of basically corn. nifty pre- europiuman Indian cultures included the Pueblos, the Iroquois, the mass Builders, the Mayans, the Incas, the Aztec, and the Sioux, among separates (map of tribes on pg. 8). The Indians revered nature and land, and didnt carelessly destroy it. Everything was put to use. In 1000 AD, Vi major powers discovered New formland, plainly later abandoned it due to unfavorable conditions. Europeans, though, slowly began to proliferate into non-European worlds sta rting around the 1400s. After Marco Polo came stick out with stories of China and its riches, Europeans began to explore.First, they set up settlements in Africa, near the coast, where they used African slaves to work on plantations. In 1498, Vasco da Gama reached India, opening a sea route to the Far East. Complications and dangers of this easterly sea route influenced Christopher capital of Ohio to sail atomic number 74. In doing so, he inadvertently discovered the Americas, though he never knew it. The Portuguese were first to settle in America, but the Spanish later became the dominant nation in the Americas. Spanish Conquistadores sweep through Latin and South America, destroying the Aztecs and the Incas.Meanwhile, Magellans crew sailed around the world in 1519, fit the first voyage to do so. As the chapter ended, Spain was very much in control of much of the Americas, though other countries were beginning to challenge the Spanish dominance. Important People The Aztecs- Nat ive Americans who that lived in what is now Mexico and routinely offered their gods gentle sacrifices, these people were violent, yet built amazing pyramids and built a great civilization without having a wheel. The Mound Builders- Indians of the Ohio River Valley. The Mississippian settlement-At Cahokia, near present-day East St. Louis, Illionis, was home to about 40,000 people in at 1100 A. D. Hiawatha- This was legendary leader who inspired the Iroquois, a powerful gathering of Native Americans in the northeaster woodlands of the U. S. The Norse- These Vikings discovered America in about 1000 A. D. , when they discovered modern-day Newfoundland. They abandoned it later due to bad conditions. Marco Polo- Italian adventurer who supposedly sailed to the Far East (China) in 1295 and returned with stories and supplies of the Asian life there (silk, pearls, etc) Bartholomeu Dias-A Portuguese sailor, he was the first to round the greymost tip of Africa, a feat he did in 1488. Vasco da Gama- In 1498, he reached India and returned home with a small but tantalizing cargo of jewels and spices. Ferdinand of Aragon and Isabella of Castile- The wedded king and queen of Spain, their marriage united the previously non-existing country. Christopher Columbus- An Italian seafarer who persuaded Spain to give him three ships for which to sail west to look for a better route to India, he discovered America in 1492 Vasco Nunez Balboa- Discoverer of the Pacific Ocean in 1513.Ferdinand Magellan- In 1519, his crew began a voyage and eventually ended up becoming the first to circumnavigate the world, even though he died in the Philippines. The sole surviving ship returned to Europe in 1522. Ponce de Leon- In 1513 and 1521, this Spanish Explorer explored Florida, searching for gold (contrary to the myth of his seeking the rise of Youth). Francisco Coronado- From 1540 to 1542, he explored the pueblos of Arizona and New Mexico, penetrating as far east as Kansas. He also discovered the Grand Canyon and enormous herds of bison. Hernando de Soto-From 1539 to 1542, he explored Florida and crossed the Mississippi River. He viciously abused Indians and died of fever and battle wounds. Francisco Pizarro- In 1532, he crushed the Incas of Peru and got lots of bounty. Bartolome de Las Casas- A Spanish missioner who was appalled by the method of encomienda, calling it a moral pestilence invented by Satan. Hernan Cortes- Annihilator of the Aztec in 1519. Malinche- A female Indian slave who knew Mayan and Nahuatl, the language of the Aztec. Montezuma- The leader of the Aztecs at the time of Cortes invasion who believed that Cortes was the Aztec god Quetzalcoatl.Giovanni Caboto- AKA throne Cabot, he explored the northeastern coaster of North America in 1497-98. Giovanni da Verranzo- An Italian explorer dispatched by the french king in 1524 to probe the eastern seaboard of U. S. Don Juan de Onate- Leader of a Spanish group that traversed parts of Mexico, Arizona, New Me xico, and Texas in 1598, he and his men proclaimed the province of New Mexico in 1609 and founded its capital, Santa Fe. Robert de La Salle- Sent by the French, he went on an expedition down the Mississippi in the 1680s. Juan Rodriquez Cabrillo- He explored the calcium coast in 1542 but failed to find anything of interest.Father Junipero Serra- The Spanish missionary who founded 21 missions in California, in 1769, he founded Mission San Diego, the first of the chain. Key Terms & Words, etc maize- the Indian treatment for corn Conquistadores the Spanish word for conqueror, these explorers claimed much of America for Spain, slaughtering millions of natives in the process encomienda- a euphemism for slavery in which Indians were given to colonists to be Christianized. Dia de la Raza- Spanish for Columbus Day. Lake Bonneville- massive prehistoric lake, all of which remains today in the form of the Great Salt Lake.Treaty of Tordesillas- treaty that settled Spanish and Portuguese diffe rences in the Americas, Portugal got modern-day Brazil Spain got the rest. pontiffs Rebellion- revolt in which Indians took over New Mexico and held control for nearly half a snow. Places and Countries Timbuktu- chapiter of the West African kingdom of Mali, a place located in the Niger River Valley. Madeira, the Canaries, Sao Tome, Pricipe- Areas where sugar plantations were established by Portugal then Spain where African slaves were forced to work. Potosi- A rich silver mine in Bolivia that enriched Spain with lots of wealth.Timeline c. 33,000 8000 BC First humans come to Americas from land bridge connecting Asia and Alaska. c. 5000 BC Corn is developed as a stable crop in highland Mexico. c. 4000 BC First civilized societies develop in the gist East. c. 1200 BC Corn planting reaches present-day American Southwest. c. 1000 AD Norse voyagers discover and in short settle in Newfoundland (Vinland). Also, corn cultivation reaches Midwest and southeaster Atlantic seaboard. c. 100 AD apex of Mississippian settlement at Cahokia c. 1100 1300 Christian crusades arouse European interest in the East. 1295 Marco Polo returns to Europe from Asia. Late 1400s Spain unites. 1488 Diaz rounds the southern tip of Africa. 1492 Columbus land in the Bahamas. 1494 Treaty of Tordesillas between Spain and Portugal. 1498 da Gama reaches India. Cabot explores northeastern coast of North America for England. 1513 Balboa claims all lands touched by the Pacific Ocean for Spain. 1513 & 1521 Ponce de Leon explores Florida. 1519 1521 Cortes conquers Mexico for Spain, defeating the Aztecs. 1522 Magellans crew completes circumnavigation of the world. 1524 Verrazano explores eastern seaboard of Norh America for France. 1532 Pizarro crushes the Incas. 1534 Cartier journeys up the St. Lawrence River. 1539 1542 de Soto explores the Southeast and discoveres the Mississippi River. 1540 1542 Coronado explores present-day Southwest 1542 Cabrillo explores California coast for Spain. 1565 Spanish build fortress at St. Augustine. Late 1500s Iroquois Confederacy founded (according to Iroquois legend) c. 598 1609 Spanish under(a) Onate conquer Pueblo peoples of Rio Grande Valley. 1609 Spanish found New Mexico. 1680 Popes rebellion of New Mexico. 1680s French expedition down Mississippi River under La Salle 1769 Father Junipero Serra founds Mission San Diego, in California. Makers of America Conquistadores included Hernan Cortes and Francisco Pizarro, who conquered the Aztecs and the Incas respectively. Within half a century of Columbus discovery of America, they had claimed, for Spain, territory that stretched form Colorado to Argentina. They spread from Cuba through Mexico and from Panama, south through Peru. As the Spanish crown tightened its grip on its colonies, though, the conquistadors lost more and more power. Most of them never achieved their dreams of glory, though a few received royal titles. Many of them married Indian wo men, creating a new contour of people called mestizos. The mestizos formed a bridge between Latin Americas Indian and European races.

How should future generations contend with the French-English divide? Has this divide changed over the past 20 years, if yes how so? Essay

As a agency of Quebecs youth and up and coming younger generation I shake witnessed the conflicts between the french- face divide since I could remember and it is classical that the needs of both sides argon full filled or at least compensated for, future generations need to focus on separate impressions and need to conclude the french- position divide in a fashionable matter so that both sides can work together and benefit from each other such as the increase of expressing French in schools and businesses.Cleavages are defined as a politically significant distinction among identifiable groups in a granted population (L7, S5). Language is an important cleavage in Canadian society (L7, S6), Canada is known to macrocosm a diverse country the population consists of many different types of people, cultural backgrounds and value systems each of which should be esteem and tolerated by every citizen of this country. The position-French divide has persisted all over time as a result of events and decisions by administration bodies that render continued to fuel the divide (L7, S7).There are different solutions to the phrase issue among French and face speakers but it takes time and although the divide has changed a lot, the past 20 years we arent where we requisite to be just yet and it is up to future generations to solve this fuss. Further issues such as the fatheaded vs contract theory will be discussed and besides in recent raws the dispute over the Charter of values the Pauline Marois government seek to put in effect that has sprung up a dispute other issues that will be discussed are Bill ci and the disputes over the equalization of payments that has get hold of about a major topic for discussion and a tumid part of the French- incline division if future generations were to subside these topics they would be one step closer to a neutral decision.The lyric divide has played a key part in intergovernmental policiesbetween the federa l government and the provinces and is therefore an important part to understand. Weve learnt end-to-end history that the English have frequently move to assimilate the French (L7, S8) you dont often see the English trying to preserve the French language and this resulted in a heated contend among English and French especially in the late 1800s and late 1900s where the divide had step up and approximately seemed imminent.In a video demonstrated in the lecture slides (L7, S8) occasion premier of Quebec (2001-2003) Bernard Landry and former leader of the Parti Qubcoise points out that 75% of Anglos in Quebec speak both French and English and almost all the younger generations speak both language and admits this is a great improvement.Part of Quebecs problem is that you can become a citizen by speaking English or French this is a problem for the Quebecoise because people are coming from different countries with just an English background, if there was a divide they would raise i t so that if you were to become a Quebec resident speaking French would be mandatory. Preserving the French language has been a top priority for Quebec. The French lived in constant fear of losing their language (L7, S8) so in beau monde to preserve the French language and culture the appropriate decision the Parti Quebecoise have decided to do is to heighten separatism.There was talk of the separation of Quebec from Canada being more of a sovereignty-association, Quebec would separate but would retain a political and economic association with Canada. They would share the same currency and have slightly joint governments to deal their relations. Quebec would not really be independent it would actually rely heavily on both Canada and the joined States for trade. Quebec would then be able to change the language laws so that French would be the first language. This could be a good decision but theres a large amount of English speaking Quebec citizens who disapprove.Bernard Landry p oints out that Quebec has improved over the years and that he has seen a lot more Anglos speaking French as well but he points out that it is a different issue in different provinces. Being an English speaker myself it is very encouraging and helpful that I am perfectly bilingual, being bilingual has helped me in the work force, in my studies and in my social life.These are some factors that have English speaking Quebecersspeak more French and really made an impact among English and French speakers of Quebec. In Bernard Landrys video he talks about speaking to his cousins that live in British Columbia and displays how they have lost their French Background it is in the Parti Quebecoise best interest to impede this from happening.As we have seen, la survivance was the notion that fuelled traditional Quebec nationalism. The Quiet Revolution gave rise to a unused type of nationalism in Quebec which had a different vision of the state and its ability, through its institutions, to help the French survive (L7, S49). The French-English divide was further aggravated when the Quebec government decided to use its institutions to implement legislation to promise the survival of the French language in Quebec.This caused a great deal of controversy in English .In an attempt to counter such nationalist language tactics and appease the French, the federal government also used its institutions to enact legislation related to language. There is no doubt that the French-English divide has been fuelled by these issues (L7, S58). afterwards all these events had taken place the French withalk action into preserving the French language and culture and to implement it on all of Quebec.The Quebec Board of the French Language (OQLF) more popularly known as the language law by the English media are probably the most feared people to business owners. In Quebec, Bill 101 implements that all visible form of writing must be in French, there are inflexible laws that indicate that the French words have to be visually larger than any other language as well as businesses more than 50 employees were going to have to adjust and use French as their language of business (L7, S59).Maintaining the two official languages is not cheap. Even Canadas current top Minister Stephen Harper commented on the cost of bilingualism even before he was elected as the ready minister. These factors have played a major role in the changes Quebec has had over the years and I have noticed it myself. The divide has changed a lot of the years and with Pauline Marois and the Parti Quebecoise who knows what will happen next.The French and English divide is becoming less and less of a problem in Quebec although tensions have been rising belatedly with the PQ it is in their interest to keep the French population in Quebec happy and to keep pushing new legislations to enforce the speaking of theFrench language. Although it is a great approach to preserve the language you could say that the lan guage police have taken it a step too far at some points with disputes and attempted ban of these words in restaurants such as pasta and fish n chips.The Anglos have a hard time dealing with disputes such as these knowing our tax dollars are being spent on non-sense such as the banning of those words. In all I think it is important to implement that business owners change their signs and put in place a French first foundation and plays a big factor in todays language battle and it is a large reason why a lot of Quebecers are speaking French first. I myself walk in a place of business and speak French first to the clerk, when I am working myself I introduce myself in French first and I adapt to whomever I am talking too whether or not they are French or English it is important to respect the language of other people.In recent news a large dispute has sprung up with the Charter or value Pauline Marois and the Parti Quebecois brought up the idea of banning religious symbols and dress c odes when at work. This includes the Christian cross, Jewish and Muslim headwear, hijabs, turbans, etc. As the government expected, the plan to introduce the Chater of Values created street protests. Situations wish well these arent helping the French and English division it has strung up protests and aggravates the English speakers these arent shipway to increase French speaking and culture in Quebec it had fuelled the fire in a way and bring us a step back from where we would like to be in the English French division.The linguistic battle among French- English has improved in Quebec over the past 20 years with French being highly implemented in schools and businesses but I couldnt say that for the rest of the provinces. These are slipway to further increase the population of French speaking Canadians, future generations should focus on increasing French in schools and businesses rather than try to force the language on people with new legislations and fines.We have seen improv ements over the past 20 years and that should continue if other provinces were to adapt more the French language in their place of business and in schools you would see a large increase in the population of Canada that speak French rather than just Quebec.BibliographyBernard Landry, former Premier of Quebec (2001 2003) and leader of the Parti Qubcois (2001 2005 Brooks, Stephen (2004) Canadian Democracy An interpolation 6th edition Oxford University Press Toronto. PP.187-189 http//www.cbc.ca/news/canada/montreal/is-pasta-french-enough-for-quebec-1.1301918