Nai Talim

1 SLD07. 20. 08 16th Ordinary Emory Presbyterian Church Romans 85-6, 12-17 Jill Oglesby Evans Mahatma Gandhi My invigoration Is My Message Have you ever seen the bumper sticker or t-shirt slogan, Peace, like war, must be waged? Whatever else might be said ab expose this good mornings saint, Mahatma Gandhi, who could argue but that the man dedicated his entire life to waging peace, in his smell, in his home, in his country, and in the world.And if you think that waging peace is somehow more(prenominal) passive than waging war, you may want to know that, for all his abhorrence of violence as a means to an end, unless Gandhi insisted that the non-violent activist, like any soldier, has to be ad comely to die for the cause. Indeed, during Indias decades long struggle for independence, thousands of Indians were killed by the British. The difference was that the non-violent activist, while willing to die, was never willing to kill. 1 Sound like anybody else we know? In Gandhis vi ew, thither are three possible responses to oppression and injustice.One he viewed as the cowards vogue to accept the wrong or run from it. The second was to hurt and fight by force of arms, which, in his view, is better than accepting or running from the wrong. But the third way to stand and fight solely by non-violent means required the most courage and was best of all. Born Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi in 1869, to a well-placed family in presentday Gujarat, Western India, Mahatma Gandhi grew up with a devout mother and the Jainist traditions of the region, absorbing influences that would eventually play an 1 www. mkgandhi. rg/faq/q14. htm. S ource M ahatma Gandhiand His M yths, by M ark S hephard. 2 important spot in his giving life, including compassion to all sentient, or feeling, beings, vegetarianism, fasting for self-purification, and mutual tolerance between individuals of different creeds. 2 When he was only 13, Mohandas was married 14-year old Kasturbai in an posit ion child marriage, as was the custom in the region. The couples prototypical child, born when Gandhi was 15, only survived a few days, though Mohandas and Kasturbai were to have four more children, all sons.Despite his early marriage, Gandhi continued his education through middle and high school, and eventually to college to become a lawyer, a profession that frankly held more s happen upons to his family than to him. In 1888, he traveled to London to study law and there crossed paths with members of the Theosophical Society, an organization founded a decade or so earlier for the purpose of furthering universal brotherhood. Not having shown a particular interest in religion before, Gandhi began reading works of and about Hinduism, Christianity, Buddhism, Islam and other religions.Subsequently, Gandhi returned to India to practice law in India, but marked success there prompted him to accept a year-long contract with an Indian firm in southmost Africa. The first photo on your b ulletin covers shows Gandhi as an attorney in South Africa in 1895. In South Africa Gandhi achieved greater success in his profession, but he also found there the most flagrant discrimination against himself as an Indian. After refusing to move from first class to a third class when he held a valid first class ticket, he was personally thrown off the train.Traveling further by stagecoach, he was beaten by a driver for refusing to travel on the footboard to instal room for a European passenger. 2 For thisand the following biographicalinformation, see http//en. wikipedia. org/wiki/M ahatmas_Gandhi 3 Another time, a magistrate ordered him to remove his turban in court, which he refused to do. These incidents comprised a turning point in Gandhis life, awakening him to contemporary social injustice and prompting his passionate social activism.Prompted by a preeminence denying Indians the right to vote, Gandhi found himself becoming politically active, organizing the Indian community i nto a homogenous political force. Having experienced firsthand the racism, prejudice and injustice against Indians in South Africa, and witnessing the compromise that came through peaceful protest, Gandhi began to question his own peoples status indoors the British Empire, as well as his personal role in his society. In 1915, Gandhi returned to India desiring to be introduced to the issues, politics and people of his native country.One of his first major achievements came in 1918 when he intervened on behalf of the villages of Champaran. The people there, suppressed by the militias of British landlords, lived in extreme poverty. Yet the British still levied an additional oppressive evaluate which they continually increased despite the peoples desperate conditions. In response, Gandhi organized a detailed study and survey of the villages, accounting for the atrocities and terrible episodes of suffering amongst the people.Enlisting the help of villagers, he began leading a clean-up of the villages, including the building of schools and hospitals, and the training of village leadership. Until he was arrested for creating unrest. At which point, hundreds of thousands of people protested and demanded his release, which the court reluctantly granted. Finally, under Gandhis leadership, the landlords signed an agreement 4 granting the poor farmers of the region more compensation and control over their farming.It was during this storm that the village people began to address Gandhi as Bapu, which means Father, and Mahatma, an honorary title meaning Great Soul. The monikers spread, as did Gandhis reputation for strength in tube against injustice. Yet Gandhis strength throughout his and Indias struggle against the British came, not from armed weapons but from the tactics of non-cooperation, non-violence, and peaceful resistance. To Gandhi, all violence was offensive and could not be justified, no matter which side, the enemys or his own, perpetuated it.Regardless of how incendiary the acts of the British or their Raj, nevertheless Gandhi consistently decried any violent punitive actions on the part of the Indians. Being assertive and on the offensive? Yes, even aggressively so, through genteel disobedience and non-cooperation. Satyagraha was the term Gandhi used for non-violent action, which in his head word was a way of life based on love and compassion. 3 Asks one author, Mark Shepherd, who wrote a publication called Gandhi and His Myths, why did Gandhi employ this approach? Was he just trying to fill the jails? To overwhelm and embarrass his captors?Make them give in through force of numbers? Not at all, says Shepherd. He just wanted to make a statement. He wanted to say, I care so deeply about this matter that I am willing to take on the legal penalties, to sit in this prison cell, to sacrifice my freedom, in order to show you how deeply I care. Because when you see the depth of my fear, and how civil I am in going about this, youre b ound to falsify your mind about me, to abandon your rigid, unjust position, and let me help you see the righteousness of my cause. In other words, says the author, Gandhis 3 www. mkgandhi. org/faq/q17. htm method aimed to win not by overwhelming, but by converting his opponent, by bring about a change of heart. 4 Sound naive? asks Shepherd. Well, it is, he says. To my knowledge, no civil disobedience streamlet of Gandhis ever succeeded chiefly through a change of heart in his opponents. Rather, heres what happened Gandhi and his followers break a law politely. Public leaders have them arrested, tried and put in prison. Gandhi and his followers cheerfully accept it all. Members of the public are impressed by the protest and public sympathy is aroused for the protesters and their cause.Members of the public put pressure on the leaders to manage with Gandhi. As cycles of civil disobedience recur, public pressure grows stronger. Finally, public leaders give into pressure from thei r constituency and negotiate with Gandhi. There are variations on this theme in Gandhis campaigns but generally speaking, his most decisive influence on his opponents was more indirect than direct. 5 Lest you imagine that Gandhi held the law in disregard, hear his rules for civil disobedience Only people with a high regard for the law were qualified for civil disobedience.Only specific, unjust laws were to be broken. No direct or physical coercion was allowed. Hostile language was banned. Destroying property was forbidden. Civil disobedience in the form of the thoughtful, peaceful, and intentional breaking of unjust laws, and non-cooperation in the form of strikes, economic boycotts and tax refusals this was how Gandhi believed India could gain complete individual, spiritual and political independence from the British. No government can exist for a 4 Ibid. 5 Ibid. 6 single moment without the cooperation of the people, willing or forced, said Gandhi. And if people suddenly withdraw their cooperation in every detail, the government will come to a standstill. And so it did. To start the ball rolling, Gandhi reorganized the Indian National Congress, oversaw the writing of a new constitution, and set about improving the discipline and effectiveness of his people. He expand his non-violent platform to involve the swadeshi policy the boycott of foreign-made goods, especially British goods. Linked to this was his advocacy that homespun cloth (khadi) be worn by all Indians or else of British-made textiles.He exhorted Indian men and women, rich or poor, to spend time each day spinning this homespun cloth, as he did, himself, a strategy mean both to inculcate discipline and dedication in the masses, and to include women in the movement. In addition to boycotting British products, Gandhi urged the people to boycott British educational institutions, to secrete from government employment, and to forsake British titles and honors. Gandhis non-cooperation program enjo yed wide-spread appeal and success, increasing excitement and participation from all strata of Indian society.However, just as it was reaching its apex, Gandhi terminate it abruptly because of a violent clash in the state of Uttar Pradesh in 1922. Fearing that his movement was about to take a turn towards violence that would be the undo of all his work, Gandhi called off his campaign of mass civil disobedience. He was arrested on March 10, 1922 and sentenced to six years of imprisonment, of which he served deuce. 7 For the following decade Gandhi stayed out of active politics, focusing most of his attention on expanding initiatives against untouchability, alcoholism, ignorance and poverty.In 1928, however, when the British government appointed a new constitutional reform commission that did not include any Indians, Gandhi returned to public debate, leading Congress to call the British either to grant India dominion status or face a new campaign of non-cooperation with complete ind ependence as its goal. The British did not respond. On December 31, 1929, the Indian flag was raised in Lahore. Two months later Gandhi launched his famous 248 slub Salt March to the sea for Indians to make their own salt, instead of purchasing it from Britain.Thousands of Indians joined in the march. The British responded by imprisoning over 60,000 people. Due to political pressure, however, within a year, the British government decided to negotiate with Gandhi. In return for the suspension of the civil disobedience movement, they agreed to set all political prisoners free. alas no real transfer of power took place. When World War II broke out, Gandhi and his supporters made it clear through their most forceful movement yet, called let go of India, that they would not support the war effort unless India were granted immediate independence.Gandhi and the entire Congress Working Committee were arrested in Bombay in 1942 and held for two years. Because of his failing health, he was released before the end of the war. At the end of the war, the British vowed to transfer power to Indian hands. Gandhi called off the struggle and 100,000 political prisoners were released. 8 Over the next two years, many debates occurred related to the nature of the freedom of India and its partition into Muslim and Hindu-majority states.Gandhi was vehemently opposed to any plan that partitioned India into two separate countries, although he finally assented, and devoted himself to keeping the Indian warring parties at peace. Still, on January 30, 1948, Gandhi was shot and killed by a Hindu radical whose extremist organization held him responsible for weakening India by insisting upon a political payment to the newly formed nation of Pakistan. Although Mahatma Gandhi was not the originator of the principle of non-violence, he was the first to apply it in the political field on a huge scale.Important leaders strongly influenced by Gandhis approach to political activism include Afr o-American Martin Luther King,Jr. , Euro-American Albert Einstein and Mexican American Cesar Chavez, South Africans Nelson Mandela, Steven Biko and Desmond Tutu, the prime minister-elect of Burma/Myanmar, Aung San Suu Kyi, Pakistani Muslim peacemaker Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan, the Tibetan Dalai Lama, and British-born devotee and activist, Madeleine Slade, also known as Mirabehn. Gandhis developed principles of discipline, non-violence and passionate concern for the greater good echo loudly across many faiths.In 1955 Martin Luther King, Jr. remarked, Christ gave us the goals, and Mahatma Gandhi, the tactics. You know, theres an irony to trying to distill the story, article of faith and example of a soul as great as Gandhis (or any other saints, for that matter) into a single sermon on a single Sunday morning in one particular American protestant church. But if our aim is to 9 look for proof that the gospel can, indeed, be lived, then in my view, its nevertheless important to make a s tab at exploring the many diverse ways it is.The God that you and I idolize and seek to know is sovereign over all creation, over all humanity, over all that is good and life-giving, indeed, over all that is. Thats what the Apostle Paul believed when he preached to the seekers in Rome about the importance of setting their minds on the things of the Spirit. To set the mind on the flesh is death, he told them, but to set the mind on the Spirit is life and peace. And all who are led by the Spirit of God, said Paul, are children of God. (Ro 85-6,14) If we imagine that there is only one way to led by the Spirit of God, we limit God.If we imagine there is only one way Gods Spirit can lead us, we limit ourselves. So if each Sunday we cant quite fully capture or communicate the depth and breadth or ambiguities of the lives of our summer saints, yet perhaps our imaginations are stretched enough beyond the usual boundaries of our daily lives and faith, that we might even wonder ourselves in what boundary-breaking ways Gods Spirit might be trying to lead us. After all, what is faith worth if it is not translated into action? asks Gandhi. And thats a good question. To the glory of God. Amen.